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Boeing 737 Techinacal Guide <~ [Unlimited EPub]
But unlike the glitzy, made-for-television lab scenario, real-life forensic laboratories' analyses of evidence are much slower. That's not unusual. Tests can take weeks or even months to complete because of technical requirements of different forensic tests, limited availability or integrity of some samples, complexity of testing for illicit and therapeutic drugs and other toxic chemical agents, and the extensive record keeping necessary for legal proceedings. Sometimes tests are beyond a laboratory's scope of expertise, so it must send specimens to more specialized laboratories. Forensic laboratory technicians often have clinical training, while forensic pathologists have completed medical school, residency programs, and specific forensic training.A medical examiner is an appointed official, usually a forensic pathologist, who is responsible for the investigation of suspicious or untimely deaths for a particular jurisdiction. In contrast, a coroner is an elected official and may be a forensic pathologist but also may be any type of physician or even a lay person. Those cases that may be of a legal concern could be re-directed to a forensic pathologist to perform the actual examination. Because of the complexities of forensic testing, few if any laboratories can do all the types of testing that may be required. Not all laboratories provide the comprehensive testing menu that may be needed when looking for specific genetic markers. The collection of samples, their preparation for testing, performing the tests, and evaluating all the results takes time and money to complete. While technology has greatly advanced forensic science over the past decade, certain limitations still remain. Forensic pathology involves the evaluation of pathology issues that arise in public forums such as criminal investigations and civil litigation. Most forensic pathologists are experts in each of two major branches of pathology.
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The first is anatomic, which deals with structural alterations of the human body. The second is clinical, which entails interpreting and overseeing laboratory testing on body fluids and tissues, including chemistry, hematology, microbiology, and others. The autopsy includes dissection and measurement of the internal organs. From these tissues, samples may be taken for microscopic examination. These samples may include blood, fluid from the eye (vitreous humor), urine, bile from the gallbladder, stomach contents, and solid organs such as liver, brain, and lung. Additionally, tissue samples are collected for toxicology testing and possibly for other laboratory tests, such as DNA typing, cultures for infectious disease, and various chemistry tests. This fluid is easy to collect and quite useful in that changes in concentration of substances that normally occur after death take place relatively slowly in vitreous humor. The results may aid in the diagnosis of conditions or diseases in certain deaths due to diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration, renal failure, shaken-baby syndrome, asphyxiation, and others. While knowledge of toxic materials spans several centuries, the ability to test for these poisons systematically was not available until the early 20th century. Today, forensic toxicology routinely involves alcohol and drug testing. In some deaths, notably accidental and homicidal ones, drug testing may determine if impairment was a factor in the fatal incident. Alcohol testing is routinely performed in nearly all traumatic deaths, such as motor vehicle fatalities. Toxicology evaluations for therapeutic drugs may be important in confirming a death. One such example may involve measuring blood concentrations of anticonvulsant medicines in a person with seizures. If the deceased had been under-medicated or noncompliant with a treatment regiment, thus subject to a seizure episode, it relevance becomes an important contributing factor to the death.
When the lab identifies tissue as positive for a particular substance, it must confirm results with a different and often more sensitive and specific technique. However, the presence of a particular substance doesn't mean it caused the death. The lab must determine the concentration present in the sample, and the forensic pathologist must interpret these data, along with the remaining autopsy findings, to make that determination. Testing not only includes investigations of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, but also testing for illicit performance-enhancing drugs in athletes and drug testing in the workplace. Drug testing may also be required when securing new insurance policies. Urine is still the most common testing source, but drug testing can also be done on blood, hair, sweat, and saliva. Molecular testing of DNA from cells in a particular biological sample can be analyzed to determine the unique genetic make-up of any one person. Each individual inherits a set of genes (two copies, one from each parent) that is unique and distinctive as a fingerprint. In clinical settings, genetic testing is used most often to detect chromosomal mutations that may be present in an existing disease state or used to determine a person's predisposition for a particular disease. In forensic settings, DNA typing analyzes the genetic material from two or more sources and compares the genetic sequences to determine the likelihood that the two samples are from the same source or from a relative.Often, a swab of cells from the inside of the cheek (buccal swab), a drop of blood, or a small amount of tissue can be enough to isolate a sample of DNA. Also, DNA is relatively stable and is not easily degraded by some less than ideal conditions such as heat, cold, or drying. It is ideal for identity and parentage testing because a person's DNA does not change during their lifetime and is the same for all the cells in the body.
Except for identical twins, DNA is different in everyone. The areas of the DNA sequence that are tested have no known ability to predict health status. This type of DNA sequencing is not the same as the in-depth, highly complex, full genomic sequencing often heard about in the news. Both standards focus on testing and quality assurance. The DNA found at a crime scene or on a victim is tested and compared to that of the suspected individual. Such determinations can be used to match a suspect to a specific crime, exclude someone as a suspect, link a suspect to several crimes (serial), link crimes with no suspect in common, or exonerate someone who has been falsely accused. Labs identify individuals through analysis of DNA extracted from samples such as blood, saliva, tissue, hair, or bone. In humans, DNA sequences are over 99 similar in structure, yet the small percentage that is different makes each person unique. Labs look at these DNA sequences for matches between the presented evidence and suspects based on sequences of small segments of DNA at different locations on the person's total genetic makeup ( genome ). Because only one-tenth of a single percent of DNA differs from one person to the next, all of the locations tested for forensic DNA typing vary widely among individuals. The possibility of two people with the same DNA profile (except for identical twins) is extremely remote. In 1990, the FBI began using a computerized software program called the Combined DNA Index System or CODIS. This program is used by law enforcement officials to compare newly determined DNA profiles with existing profiles contained within the database known as the National DNA Index System (NDIS). DNA evidence from unsolved crimes is also entered. Using this system, matches in DNA profiles have helped in the investigation of over 100,000 crimes as well as in helping to clear some who have been wrongfully accused of crimes.
DNA profiles from individuals convicted of crimes are entered into the Convicted Offender index of the CODIS data bank. Some states have laws that require that the DNA profiles of anyone arrested be added to the Arrestee index of the CODIS system. Another index includes DNA evidence (e.g., blood, semen) from crime scenes of unsolved crimes. Other indices within this system include profiles of missing persons and relatives of missing persons that may help in the identification of found persons or in the identification of remains. These STRs do not represent genes but regions that occur on stretches of DNA that lie between genes. Genetic information related to genes and inheritance patterns (e.g., medical genetic testing for disease risk) is not entered into the CODIS system and the CODIS system cannot identify a person's physical traits or genetic risk of disease based on STRs. The resulting parentage index and probability of relationship are generally admissible as evidence in court. When done within a few hours of the incident, these tests provide information about the victim's health prior to the alleged assault, not health status after the incident. Due to the lag time between the initial exposure and the technical ability to obtain a positive test result, some of these tests may be controversial. Other tests may include those for alcohol and drugs of abuse. Evidence of intoxication can be used to discredit the victim in court. If a child has numerous bruises yet no history of significant trauma, a panel of tests to exclude bleeding and clotting disorders like von Willebrand disease or another clotting factor deficienc y (factor VIII and IX deficiencies) may be performed. Evidence of such a problem could exclude the possibility of child abuse. Detecting the presence of an STI may aid in the determination of whether sexual abuse has taken place.
A positive stool for blood (guaic test, fecal occult blood test, FOBT ) can point to rectal bleeding caused by abdominal or anal trauma. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. Scientific Director, Toxicology Department, Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's Office, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Louis University School of Medicine, Chief Medical Examiner, City of St. Louis, MO. Available online at through. Issued July 10, 2009. Accessed December 15, 2009. Conjecture Corporation. Available online at through. Accessed December 16, 2009. American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Accessed December 16, 2009. The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals. Issued August 2009.Accessed January 10, 2010. SUNY Upstate Medical University. Accessed January 10, 2010. Available online at through. Issued June 16, 2009. Accessed Oct 6, 2009. The Evaluation of Sexual Abuse in Children. Pediatrics 116 (2): 506-512. (2005). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2007, Pp 1340-1341, 1344-1347. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, eds. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2006. Mission and History News Faculty and Staff School of Government Foundation Diversity and Inclusion Visitor Information Employment Browse by Role The School provides content and resources for a wide array of local government and judicial officials in North Carolina. Select your role to explore all related content.
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All Publications Books Book Chapters Bulletins Reports Bulletin Series Index Publication Sales Browse New Publications Forthcoming Titles Updates and Supplements Blogs Faculty write for a number of School of Government blogs providing timely updates on emerging issues. The program is offered in two formats: on-campus and online. For more information, see the Carolina MPA viewbook. Your gift will make a lasting impact on the quality of government and civic participation in North Carolina. The Campaign for Carolina Make a Gift Supporters Development FAQ Knapp Library The Joseph Palmer Knapp Library houses a large collection of material on state and local government, public administration, and management to support the School's instructional and research programs and the educational mission of the Master of Public Administration program. Reference and research services are available to all residents of North Carolina, and additional assistance is available to state and local government personnel, both elected and appointed. Covid-19 Response Please try another page or try to search what you are looking for in the top right. Seperate multiple e-mail addresses with a comma. We apologize for the inconvenience. These resources should help you find exactly what you need: Search the RAND Website RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. Provides examination of the arrest and the arresting law enforcement agency's investigation. Evaluates policies, procedures and protocols related to the case. Evaluation of the crime scene, handling of evidence, and forensic examination of the evidence. Has criticized the 2010 Swecker Report which investigated the SBI’s serology reporting practices. See this article. Download Resume Download Resume Established DNA Laboratory in Harris County Medical Examiner's Office in Houston. Download Resume Certified in SFST, DRE, and breath test operator.
Branford, CT 6405 Phone: 203-932-7460 (for consults) Alt Phone: 203-488-1475, 203-932-7540 Visit Website Additional Info Former Director of Connecticut State Police Forensic Lab. Specializes in bloodstain pattern analysis, microscopy, DNA, and hair. Download Resume Oceanside, NY 11572 Phone: 516-353-4395 Fax: 516-536-1084 Send Email Visit Website Additional Info I work in the area of serology and DNA analysis of crime scene evidence and assist primarily criminal defense attorneys with their cases. Download Resume Master's degree in forensic chemistry. Worked as a crime lab supervisor and primary responder to crime scenes in Florida. Has trained attorneys and law enforcement officers from all over the United States. Download Resume Download Resume Lauderdale, FL 33309 Phone: 954-485-5904 Alt Phone: 954-651-2865 Send Email Visit Website Additional Info Provides bloodstain pattern analysis and crime scene reconstruction. Performs examinations of physical evidence, including microscopic examination. Has worked as toxicologist, chemist, autopsy assistant, and supervisor of forensic lab. Provides basic and advanced bloodstain pattern analysis courses. Download Resume Sheriff’s Forensic Services Sec.For example, in the report below it is not clear what blood analysis tests were completed and what the meaning of “chemical indications for the presence of blood” is: To understand the meaning of phrases such as “chemical indications for the presence of blood,” see the State Crime Lab’s Body Fluid Report Format. Note that the effective date of this document is December 3, 2002 and the State Crime Lab may have an updated version. “Chemical indications for the presence” of a substance generally means that only a presumptive test gave a positive result. Counsel should be aware that a presumptive test alone establishes only the possibility that a particular substance is present.
Counsel should be prepared to object to testimony or questions from the prosecutor that refer to a substance as a particular bodily fluid, such as blood, if only a presumptive test was performed. Defenders must obtain the underlying notes, data, photographs and reports of the analyst. For example, see the State Crime Lab’s Body Fluid Casework Procedures. The NC State Bureau of Investigation Evidence Guide explains evidence submission requirements and includes a section on Forensic Biology. If you have questions about how or why evidence was collected at a crime scene or the NCSCL’s policies on what evidence the lab will examine, this guide may provide information. Defenders should consider raising a challenge where: Only a presumptive test was done The mandated combination of tests was not done Testing protocol was not followed Test results were not adequately documented Lab reports use improper reporting language or improper testimony is anticipated Precautions: This test is presumptive because it has produced false positives from other substances, such as saliva, pus, malt extract, vegetable extracts, and the salts of certain heavy metals. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Section 6.3, page 103-105. A false positive reaction has also been observed with rust. Luminol Test How it works: A chemical compound, known as Luminol, is used in solution or sprayed onto suspected surfaces. This compound gives a strong blue fluorescence when viewed with a UV light. The Luminol reacts with hematin, a substanced formed as bloodstains age, and produces a luminescence which is best observed in the dark. The luminescence lasts for several minutes and can be photographed. Aged bloodstains tend to give more intense and longer-lasting luminescence than fresh blood, and can be re-sprayed with Luminol to be viewed again. Source: U.S.
Department of Justice, Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Section 6.3, page 112-114. Precautions: False positives have been observed with the presence of copper salts. Most brass, bronze, and similar alloys which contain copper gave a false positive reaction, which is important to consider when dealing with locks, door handles, and other fixtures made of these materials. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Section 6.7, page 112-114. Alternative Light Sources How it works: Alternative Light Sources such as the CrimeScope use ultraviolet, visible or infrared light to cause certain substances to fluoresce (glow) or absorb light (darken). Blood stains will darken rather than glow when certain light wavelengths are used. See the user’s manual for the alternative light source for more information.For additional information about DNA evidence, click here. Takayama Test How it works: Through the application of a specific solution developed by Takayama, hemochromogen crystals form by treating a small amount of blood or a stain fragment. The crystals are observable under a microscope and look like salmon-pink rhomboid crystals. This test is not currently performed by NC State Crime Lab. See Body Fluid Report Format for previous policy on reporting test results. RSID Test for Human Blood How it works: This test uses two specialized antibodies to detect the presence of human Glycophorin A which is found in red blood cell membranes. The antibodies are applied to the suspected sample by using a strip test assay. At the end of the test, certain markings will indicate whether human blood was detected or if the test failed. Source: RSID Technical Information Sheet. NCSCL is using a handheld electronic reader to read the results of confirmatory tests for blood or semen. The reader also creates an image of the card that it reads.
The images are stored in the handheld reader (it has limited storage capacity) and can be downloaded using a cable that connects the reader to a computer. The lab is not downloading and storing this data and images. Precautions: This test should be evaluated exactly 10 minutes after the addition of the sample. An appropriate sample size and dilution of the sample must be used. ABAcard HemaTrace test strips How it works: HemaTrace test strips are used to detect blood by indentifying the presence of human hemoglobin. The test strip contains an antihuman hemoglobin antibody. A blood sample is applied to the bottom of the test strip. If human hemoglobin is present, then a mobile antibody-antigen complex will be formed. This complex will then migrate through the test strip to a test window. This window will indicate if there is a positive result for human hemoglobin with a pink dye band. Source: NFSTC DNA Analyst Training. The State Crime Lab considers this test a back up test to examine evidence for the presence of human blood if RSID is not available. Because the test will cross react with some animal blood, it can only give a reaction consistent for the presence of blood. Source: Section 2.3 of the NC State Crime Lab Technical Procedures Manual: Body Fluid Identification.In the presence of Alpha-Naphthyl acid phosphate and Brentamine Fast Blue, AP will produce a dark purple color in less than a minute. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know. Precautions: The shade of purple color will depend on the activity of the enzyme, which can be negatively impacted by the age of the stain and the storage conditions. This test is highly presumptive because vaginal secretions and other bodily fluids contain detectable levels of this enzyme as well. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know.
Alternative Light Sources How it works: Under specialized lights, semen will fluoresce due to the presence of molecules such as Flavin and Choline-conjugated proteins. This color will vary from blue to yellow depending on the light equipment used. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know. Precautions: This detection technique is highly presumptive because many molecules (natural and artificial) will fluoresce in a similar way as semen. Also, not all semen stains will fluoresce. Exposure to different environments, different types of fabrics, and different fabric treatments can affect this fluorescent activity. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know. Prostate Specific Antigen How it works: Test detects prostate specific antigen (PSA). PSA is produced in high amounts by male prostate gland. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know. Precautions: This antigen can also be found in very small amounts of fecal material and sweat. Studies also indicate that PSA can exist in female urine and breast milk. Caution is urged when interpreting positive PSA results which are not confirmed by actual presence of sperm. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know. This test is not currently performed by NC State Crime Lab. Two main reagents are used consecutively to produce this distinctive stain: Picroindigocarmine stains the neck and tail portions of the sperm in green and blue, while the Nuclear Fast Red (AKA Kernechtrot) gives the sperm heads a read color and the tip of the heads a pink color. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know. Precautions: Sperm cells deteriorate quickly after ejaculation. Sperm survival will depend on the surrounding environment and type of surface. The sperm tails are the most susceptible to damage and will break down first.
Therefore, the analyst must be trained to make visual distinctions between sperm heads and other types of cells in the mix. Other cells will also stain red. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know. RSID Test for Semen How it works: Identifies the presence of the seminal vesicle-specific antigen, or semonogelin. This antigen is unique to human semen; therefore, there is no cross reactivity with other bodily fluids in males and females or with semen from other mammals. This test can also identify semen even if the stain was stored in less favorable conditions. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Semen: What You Should Know. The lab is not downloading and storing this data and images.Precautions: This enzyme is found in other organisms as well. Alpha-amylases from bacteria, fungi, or chimps are very similar in structure and function to that of the human alpha-amylase. Also, in humans, there are four variants of alpha-amylase, two of which are found in saliva, and the other two are secreted by the pancreas. This test is presumptive because it will give a positive result if the alpha-amylase enzyme from any organism is present. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Saliva: What You Should Know.Performing both of these tests is considered a confirmatory test. Source: Dr. Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Saliva: What You Should Know. Precautions: The RSID test has produced positive reactions in samples containing alpha-amylases from mammals such as gorillas and rats. Positive reactions were also noted in other bodily fluids, such as semen, blood, vaginal discharge, sweat, and breast milk. High reactivity of this test is observed in samples containing human feces. Reactivity was also noticed in urine samples. Improper swabbing and other factors relating to personal hygiene, personal behavior, and indirect saliva transfer from mouth to surface can result in “false” positives. Source: Dr.
Maher Noureddine, Forensic Tests for Saliva: What You Should Know. As of Jan. 2017, the NCSCL no longer conducts confirmatory testing for saliva. Current Test: DNA. However, DNA is not considered a confirmatory test for blood, semen or saliva. A sample of the unknown bloodstain is placed in a well in an agar gel. Antibodies from human and animal sources of blood are placed in other wells in the gel. Antigens from the sample and the antibodies will spread out of their respective wells and will pair up to form an immune complex if the antigen and antibody are from the same animal source. The immunne complexes can be observed as a line in the gel, thus indicating the source of the blood. Precautions: A control sample consisting of a sample from the unstained area near a stained area of interest must be tested. It may take several hours up to 72 hours for the reaction to occur. This test requires expertise in interpretation. This procedure is no longer performed by the NC State Crime Lab. Next, the liquid part of the blood without cells, the serum, is mixed with blood that is known to be Type A or Type B and the reaction is observed. Precautions: Appropriate negative controls must be run as false positives are possible, especially with Type B blood. Stains on denim fabric or soiled shoes may also yield false positives. Weak results may be read differently by analysts, so it is essential to have a second analyst read the results. Standards under consideration as well as approved standards are available in the OSAC Registry. Standards are being developed for each forensic discipline. The standards that have been published are available on the ASB website. Standards are being developed for each forensic discipline. Dr. Maher “Max” Noureddine wrote the Forensic Tests for Saliva: What you should know post for this blog in 2011. His informative post explains how forensic tests for saliva work, including limitations of these tests.
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