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This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Students ask specific questions and get answers to common misunderstandings. Related AP Biology Videos 36:22 Chemistry Review for Biology Students posted almost 2 years ago 38:48 Introduction to Biological Macromolecules posted almost 2 years ago 39:02 Elements of Life posted almost 2 years ago 50:58 Review of Unit 1 Part 2 posted over 1 year ago 53:06 Review of Unit 1 posted almost 2 years ago 49:28 Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding posted almost 2 years ago 48:08 Nucleic Acids posted almost 2 years ago 44:24 Intro to AP Biology posted almost 2 years ago 1:00:28 Overview of the AP Biology Exam with an Example FRQ for Unit 1 posted almost 2 years ago 30:56 Intro to Unit 1 for Teachers posted almost 2 years ago 39:42 Properties of Biological Macromolecules posted almost 2 years ago 55:12 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules posted almost 2 years ago 50:58 Biochemistry posted over 2 years ago Browse By Unit ??? AP Cram Sessions 2021 new. All Units ?? Unit 1: Chemistry of Life ?? Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function ?? Unit 3: Cellular Energetics ?? Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle ?? Unit 5: Heredity ?? Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation ?? Unit 7: Natural Selection ?? Unit 8: Ecology Join us on Discord Thousands of students are studying with us for the AP Biology exam. Talk to a trained counselor for free. It's 100 anonymous. Search for another form here.Partial invalidity pension DO NOT submit this form if We will be looking into this with the utmost urgency. Questions (52) Publications (23,534) Questions related to Bioplastics Guillermo Federico Anderson Benaim asked a question related to Bioplastics Digesting bioplastcs (PLA).
Question 6 answers May 11, 2019 I am carrying an experiment on which I chronically feed PLA particles to ascidians to check if they accumulate the material or are capable of digesting it. I am also trying with common PP and PET micro particles. The common tissue digestion methods I've read and tried end up dissolving the bioplastic, so I cannot start my experiment until I find a protocol that digest tissue and not PLA. I've tried KOH, NaCL, H2O2, HCl and HNO3.all with the same results. PLA literally vanishes. Formic acid and sodium citrate work for digesting spiculae, and PLA resists the digestion. But this doesn't work with tissue. Haven't tried yet sonicating or using proteases. Any suggestions? Relevant answer Amanda Araujo Jul 13, 2020 Answer Dear Dr. Guilhermino, I hope to find you well and safe. Your question is also one of several that we have. We work with different pollutant ecotoxicity projects in our Laboratory at the Federal Institute of Goias (Brazil). The manuscript is being finalized, but, we developed a methodology that can help you. Briefly, the accumulation of PLA was assessed by quantifying lactic acid in D. rerio larvae exposed or not to treatments, according to the phenol-sulfuric method (Dubois et al., 1956; Taylor, 1996), with some modifications. This method promotes the degradation of PLA through non-enzymatic hydrolysis (in a strongly acidic medium) in lactic acid monomers and subsequent formation of complexes with phenol, making the solution yellow-orange (stable color). Then, the tubes were kept at room temperature for at least 15 min and the absorbance level recorded at 630 nm (in duplicate). The quantity of acid was defined here as 82 acid, as also adopted by Madrid et al. (1999). To confirm the accuracy of the standard curves, each assay was run in triplicate. The background fluorescence of the tissues of control D. rerio larvae were detected and subtracted from that of PLA-treated samples.
In addition, the background fluorescence of “white” was detected and subtracted from that of PLA-treated samples and standard lactic acid suspensions.Did you get an answer on how to do this any other way. Best regards, Amanda View 0 Recommendations Disha Pamecha asked a question related to Bioplastics How to find out what my bioplastic disintegrates into under the soil. Question 3 answers Mar 24, 2020 I have been working on bioplastic biodegradation under the soil. So after a certain period of incubation in the compost, due to the action of microbes and soil physicochemical parameters, the plastic degrades and breaks down. The products formed as a result of biodegradation are lost in the soil. For example, if there is a kind of additive that persists in the soil for durations longer than usual post degradation, like carbon black, which may pose a threat to the environment. How am I supposed to retrieve them or are there any techniques or soil analysis methods to find out the products of biodegradation in the soil. Relevant answer Roberto Molteni Mar 25, 2020 Answer Dear Disha Pamecha, Ecotoxicological test is a good suggestion, however, I understood that you want to analyse the degradation products.If you start directly from the soil extraction, it could be to complex to understand the pathway. I suggest to star with mixing a selection of microbes, a solid inert support (e.g. sand) and your plastic to test. Be aware that in natur a co-metabolism is ofen used in these pathway. The experiment has to be planned consider all these factors. View 0 Recommendations Piotr Gruzlewski asked a question related to Bioplastics Could anyone tell me why there is no Tc peak due to addition PEG to PLA. Question 6 answers Jan 4, 2020 Welcome everybody. I've made PLA thin films from previously prepared granules of PLA. 8 types of thin films were obtained. LT - pure PLA, LT2 - PLA with 0,2 Natamycin, LT6 - PLA with 0,6 Natamycin, LT10 - PLA with 1 Natamycin.
LT-PEG, LT2-PEG, LT6-PEG and LT10-PEG. PLA samples were plasticized with 5 (weight) PEG1500. DSC results are shown in table, and graphs. Questions: why there is no cold crystalization peak, when PEG is added.Thank you in advance, PG. dsc.png 13.71 KB LT.bmp 8.42 MB LTP.bmp 8.42 MB Relevant answer Alfredo Edoardo Ongaro Jan 8, 2020 Answer Dear Piotr, it is nice to see your work. In order to have a better picture of your results I would suggest you to: 1)BASELINE: subtract baseline from your DSC data (if the software does not do it automatically, run in parallel to empty alluminium pan, and use this data as baseline to subtract. Doing so, I think that a visual inspection of your data and any possible changes will be easier. 2)SENSITIVITY: Consider the instrument sensitivity. For instance does it have an error of 2, 3 or 5 C? 3) STATISTICS: perform the DSC in 3 different sample of the same family and then have a look at the Tg, Tc, Tm and check if there is a statistically significant difference between the different family (e.g. LT2, LT6, LT10.). 4) CYCLE: are you considering the first heating cycle, the second or both. Please have in mind that thermogramm from the first cycle will show you the thermal history that the material under examination has gone through. In this way based on my experience you might appreciate better changes if any and being surprised. All the best Alfredo View 6 Recommendations Morteza Bahremand asked a question related to Bioplastics The best microorganism (Specifically in micro-algae) for bioplastics production Question 4 answers Jul 22, 2019 Plastic materials originated from petrochemicals cause serious environmental problems due to their non-degradable nature. Bioplastics or plastics produced by the microorganism is a promising replacement for the conventional synthetic plastics. Bioplastics are secondary metabolites produced by the various microbes present in nature.
What is the best microorganism (Specifically in micro-algae) for bioplastics production. Relevant answer Arvind Singh Dec 10, 2019 Answer Please take a look at this useful PDF attachment. 1.pdf 5.62 MB View 15 Recommendations Eiwell Angela Bernardo asked a question related to Bioplastics Is pectin based bioplastic reinforced with lignin a feasible method. Question 2 answers Aug 30, 2019 Hello. I've been searching endlessly for a related journal that combines pectin and lignin (from two different plant sources) into a composite material. I do wish to apply it to my research but I want to know how plausible such a material is. If not, what may I change in the research. The most common I found is starch-lignin but I rather not have my research be a replicate of another. Thank you! Relevant answer Eiwell Angela Bernardo Sep 14, 2019 Answer Rajendran Muthuraj I am more familiar with solution blending but I am open to research more on melt compounding View 0 Recommendations Delilah Dal-Uyen asked a question related to Bioplastics Can bioplastic materials used in the biocontrols of agricultural pests. Question 5 answers Jul 16, 2016 I have to present advanced materials used in agriculture. Thank you Relevant answer Jean-Pierre Jost May 26, 2019 Answer For the diffusion of insect pheromone it is possible to use devices made out of biodegradable plastic (made out of mays starch). IOBC wprs Bulletin 25 (9) 121-128, 2002. View 3 Recommendations Jens Vandewijngaarden asked a question related to Bioplastics Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) blown film grades. Question 5 answers Mar 17, 2016 Are there any current blown film grades of PHA commercially available. Any feedback regarding quality is more than welcome. Most of my online research shows some grades for cast sheet extrusion or injection molding, but no blown film. Relevant answer Vahid Moghimifar May 14, 2019 Answer Hey just wondering if you got the answer or not? Cheers. View 0 Recommendations Augustine A.
Unimke asked a question related to Bioplastics What's the best method of testing for microbial potentials in plastic biodegradation. Question 5 answers Mar 31, 2019 Potentials of microbial biodegradation of plastics and bioplastics Relevant answer T. H. Al-Noor Apr 30, 2019 Answer. View 0 Recommendations Md. Imteyaz Alam asked a question related to Bioplastics Why terminal diols are considered as the better polymer precursors. Question 2 answers Mar 28, 2019 Most of the literature suggest that primary diols have high potential for the chemical industries. What would be the strength and applicability of polymer obtained from diol containing one primary and a secondary alcoholic group. Relevant answer Jiri Vohlidal Apr 2, 2019 Answer Dear Alam, this rule particularly concerns the diols used for production of polyesters exploited in the textile industry. Monomeric units derived from linear-alpha,omega-diols namely allow linear supramolecular arragement of macromolecules and thus formation of crystallites giving to fibres high axial tensile strength. However, if one consider applications in the field of coatings, also polyols with branched chains are useful and used. View 21 Recommendations Jose Lorenzo Copiaco asked a question related to Bioplastics Is it okay if i use an oven to speed up the cooling of a bioplastic mixture. Question 2 answers Jan 9, 2019 I have seen studies leaving the bioplastic mixture onto a surface (e.g. aluminum foil) and lets it cool down for a week. I am wondering if there would be any changes in the bioplastic if i used oven to speed it up. Relevant answer Mahnaz Eskandari Jan 11, 2019 Answer Hi, It depends what is your polymer(s) and what is the temperature of the oven. In addition you should know what system were used to polymerize your monomers. Is it possible that some accelerators were used and is there any residual. In other words, you have to be aware of anything that is on your foil.
By increasing the temperature from the room temperature to the oven temperature, how their activities are changing. How their interactions with each other change. View 0 Recommendations Salwa Hamdan asked a question related to Bioplastics To find the most suitable biopolymer matrix for green biocompoites among starch biopolymer. Which criterion is important than others. Question 2 answers Jan 4, 2019 We are currently conducting a research project on Natural Fiber reinforced biopolymer composites (green biocomposites) for food packaging application. Previously, we did an experts' survey on weight of importance for 13 selection criteria to find the most suitable natural fiber. From that survey and by applying AHP Rating Mode method, we found that the top 5 ranking of criteria based on their importance are: Rank Criterion 1 Raw Cost (10.6) 2 Tensile Strength (9.7) 3 Young's Modulus (8.8) 4 Availability (8.8) 5 Moisture Content (8.7) Now, we are to find the most suitable biopolymer matrix which are among starch biopolymer alternatives i.e rice starch, potato starch, wheat potato, corn starch etc. Therefore, we have identified 19 selection criteria. Please click the link below to participate in the Experts' Survey: Your feedback is very valuable and all your cooperation are highly appreciated. Relevant answer Salwa Hamdan Jan 8, 2019 Answer Thank you sir Dillip KUMAR Bisoyi for the answer. Appreciate if you could answer the survey at: Thank you. Question 5 answers Nov 13, 2018 I have problems when filler was added which expected that the mechanical strenght supposedly be improved but the results show different observation. The filller is usually organic substances that is usually is chemically treated Relevant answer Nizar Matar Dec 12, 2018 Answer Not every filler, whether organic or inorganic, is guaranteed to enhance the mechanical strength of a polymer.
If a filler is incompatible with a polymer, with regard to its nature or amount or size of particles, an opposed effect will ensue (e.g. a decrease in the tensile strength or more easier fracture of the polymer). View 8 Recommendations Jose Lorenzo Copiaco asked a question related to Bioplastics Is there any water-insoluble binders I can use in the making of bioplastics. Question 3 answers Dec 8, 2018 I have seen a study using Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as binder but the bioplastic samples dissolved in water because PVA is water-soluble. Relevant answer Nizar Matar Dec 12, 2018 Answer Dr. Volkan Eyupoglu is quite right. Poly(vinyl acetate)- PVAc- is an adhesive or a binder. In other words, it does not harm our health, as far as we know until now. View 3 Recommendations Bahram Barati asked a question related to Bioplastics What is the most practical application of algae. Question 5 answers Jul 8, 2018 algae have been used in wide range of industries from being as food nutrient to bio-plastic. What is the most practical uses (commercially) of algae. Relevant answer Vit Mateju Jul 9, 2018 Answer Dr. BAHRAM BARATI: I attached some papers concerning potantial use and application of algae.Question 4 answers Mar 30, 2018 Green plastics are the focus of an emerging industry focused on making convenient living consistent with environmental stability. One reason to make a shift toward the use of green plastics is the availability of raw materials. Green plastics can be made using polymers that come from agricultural and marine feedstocks. These are abundant natural resources that are constantly being replenished. This, in turn could revitalize rural economy, both agricultural and marine, by providing additional demand for currently underutilized land or low-valued biomass commodities. Another favorable property of green plastics is their biodegradability, making them a natural material for use in such applications as compostable collection bags, such as for food or yard waste.
But bioplastics have to possess adequate physical properties. Their properties have to be managed and controlled with technological means through the development of adequate formulations and plastics processing. The commercial ventures already under way in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan indicate that there is confidence technological advances are possible. The key to solving technical problems often simply knows what the problems are. Bioplastics also have to be cost-competitive. Commercially available biopolymers are typically more expensive than synthetic polymers, often significantly so. Currently only starch competes with synthetic polymers in terms of cost. Interest in the development of bioplastics will grow largely to the extent that there is real interest in and concern over the environment. Societal concern over the environment is already being reflected in governmental restrictive legislation on the use of plastics, particularly aimed at plastic packaging. Legislation has begun at the local, state, federal, and international levels, and legislation will undoubtedly increase in the future. New legislation will likely contain restrictions aimed at materials that are neither recyclable nor biodegradable. Most of all, what is needed is a paradigm shift. Making it a reality Ignoring nature's way of building strong materials, we have, for many applications, over-engineered our plastics for stability, with little consideration of their recyclability or ultimate fate, and ended up transforming irreplaceable resources into mountains of waste. There is another way. We can take nature's building materials and use them for our purposes, without taking them out of nature's cycles. We can be borrowers, not consumers, so that the process can continue indefinitely. If society is indeed, becoming more and more committed to resource conservation, environmental preservation and sustainable technologies, bioplastics will find their place in this Age of Plastics.
The widespread use of these new plastics will depend on developing technologies that can be successful in the marketplace. That in turn will partly depend on how strongly society is committed to the concepts of resource conservation, environmental preservation, and sustainable technologies. There are growing signs that people indeed want to live in greater harmony with nature and leave future generations a healthy planet. If so, bioplastics will find a place in the current Age of Plastics. Plastics Plastics are a class of material that has one or more polymers as its primary ingredient, that is shaped by flow when it is processed (usually using heat), and that is solid in its final form. Plastics can be made up of many different kinds of polymer, and can be processed in many different ways, but as long as they satisfy these three conditions, they are bona fide plastics. Relevant answer Nizar Matar Apr 3, 2018 Answer Being interested in the disposability problems of polymers, I did research with some colleagues at our university nearly 3 decades ago but did not publish the results for certain reasons. We suggested some plastics. View 5 Recommendations Shibabrata Pattanayak asked a question related to Bioplastics Can bioplastics be effective enough to replace non - bio degradable plastics. Question 22 answers Dec 20, 2017 Plastics are acting as a threat to urban drainage system and biodiversity. Different bio degradable plastics are already developed (Bio plastics and plastics with biodegradable additives). Do you think these can be effectively used to replace presently used non - bio degradable plastics. In which area of use it can be done. Up to what extent ? What are the problems in their widespread use. Relevant answer Jose Roberto Vega Baudrit Feb 28, 2018 Answer Have we this technology. View 25 Recommendations Sunil Kumar Srivastava asked a question related to Bioplastics How to synthesis bioplastic. How can we use commercially.
I assume that some books, chapters or Reviews will help you, thus I will give only some selected examples. Bioplastics - such as polylactide (PLA), thermoplastic starch (TPS), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), bio-polyamides, bio-polyethylene, etc., are polymers that are made from renewable resources, such as food crops or biomass. Some of these bioplastics, but not all, are also biodegradable. Please consider bellow some pieces of information. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2016, 107, 17-46. PRO-BIP 2009. Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University, Utrecht (2009). Babu, R.P.; O'Connor, K.; Seeram, R. Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Progress in Biomaterials 2013, 2, 8. View 5 Recommendations Cemal Gokce asked a question related to Bioplastics How can I extract cellulose and starch from Sulphated Polysaccharides. Question 3 answers Jan 31, 2018 I am experimenting with algae and want to extract cellulose and starch to make bioplastics. Relevant answer Nodirali S. Normakhamatov Feb 4, 2018 Answer Fully supporting the suggestions of David Myslabodski, I can add a note that if you mean a extraction of non esterified polysaccharides from sulfated ones, you can isolate them after precipitating sulfate derivatives in their barium salt form and filtration. View 10 Recommendations Anitha Veluchamy asked a question related to Bioplastics Any naturally occured or biologically based plasticizer available bioplastic production. Question 4 answers Sep 25, 2017 Plasticizer are used to enhance the potential of the bioplastics.But there are some drawbacks for every one mentioned here. So let me know that any other chemical plasticizer are used in bioplastic production.And also I would like to know about the natural plasticizer used in bioplastic production.
Relevant answer Amin Shavandi Sep 25, 2017 Answer Hello Anitha Plastisizers such as: sorbitol, sucrose, xylitol, glycerol, Ethanolamine, EG, PEG (various MW) and PG, Oleic and linoleic acids, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, etc have been used for polysaccharide, protein, and lipid-based bioplastic products.Whether it is protein, polysaccharide, etc.Hope it will help Amin View 10 Recommendations Raid Alrefai asked a question related to Bioplastics How do I prepare bioplastic from solid digestate of anaerobic digestion. Question 2 answers Feb 18, 2017 The steps for making of bioplastic from AD fibre. Relevant answer Andrzej Benedykt Koltuniewicz Apr 19, 2017 Answer From the municipal sewage I would not dare to make polymers, but only energy. But from lignocellulosic wastes and residuals that contains cellulose (hexosans), hemicellulose (pentosans), and lignin, you can get a whole palette of different polymers. Furfural (chemical pathway from penthoses) gives thermoplastic resins, Sorbitol (chemical pathway from hexoses) gives PET like polymers. Lactic acid is used for the preparation of the biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and then biodegradable polyethylene polymers. Levullinic acid from hemicellulosegives polycarbonate polymers. Succinic acid gives water soluble polymers. Ferulic acid (lignin) gives fenollic resins. Some polymers are manufactured on the commercial scale presentind such tradenames as SORONA, LYCRA, ALCANTARA, NYLON 6 and 6.6. View 0 Recommendations Guhankumar Ponnusamy asked a question related to Bioplastics Suggest me plants to extrude fiber to prepare composites. Question 2 answers Mar 8, 2017 Interested to study the mecahnical properties of composites prepared from natural fibers. While doing literary search came across plants which we can commonly notice like Cocos nucifera, Corchorus trilocularis, Ipomoea staphylina etc., for which enough works has been already done.
Can anyone please suggest me a plant with which i can exlpore the same. I am new to such topics. Relevant answer Luvuyo Tyhoda Mar 9, 2017 Answer You need to look at locally available crops. Composites make sense if the raw material is available locally. Even though some crops may have been investigated, there is still genetic variation as influenced by the geographical location, soil type etc. Further, the gluing system that might also be important, application etc. Perhaps work backwards i.e. which product do you want to make. Then which fibres are available locally for you to explore. Which gluing system do you want to use. Relevant answer Gloria Huerta Angeles Mar 3, 2017 Answer You may try to prepare a coating in solvent such as Hexafluoroisopropanol because HA is soluble in water, while PHAs are soluble in chlorinated solvents. Then the homogenization is very poor. I do believe it is not an easy task but if you find how to do it in a non-toxic solvent let me know. Good luck View 11 Recommendations Umair Iqbal asked a question related to Bioplastics What is the coefficient of the linear thermal expansion of PLA (polylactic acid) polymer. Question 2 answers Apr 22, 2014 See above. Question 2 answers Aug 9, 2016 Having synthesized PHA, I see that the retention time of PHA during a HPLC run cannot be compared to that of PHBV standard as due to obvious diifference in the molecular weight and hydrophobicity the retention varies. I also converted the bioplastic to crotonic acid and had run the samples, but I see that conversion and elution of crotonic acid sample of both PHA and PHBV had not much of difference. ( as both are converted to crotonic acid, which doesnt impart a difference in the elution) What can be fixed as a standard when fermentatively synthesized PHA is to be run in a reverse phase column.
Is it necessary to fix a standard if the sample is to be run in a reverse phase column apart from using an organic acid column ( after being converted to crotonic acid). Relevant answer Marta Ben Sep 6, 2016 Answer Other authors that tried to measure polyhydroxyalkanoate composition by HPLC technique used an ion exchange column. Maybe your problem is you are not using the correct column. The tubes were cooled on ice, after which, a 4-ml volume of 0.014 N H2SO4 was added with rapid mixing. Before analysis by HPLC, samples were diluted an additional 5- to 100-fold with 0.014 N H2SO4 containing 0.8 mg of adipic acid per ml as an internal standard and filtered through a 0.45-,um HAWP membrane filter (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) to remove particulate material. HPLC was performed with either a Waters Associates 6000 A solvent delivery system with U6K injector or a series 3 chromatograph (The PerkinElmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn.) with a variable loop injector (Rheodyne, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.). Absorbance of crotonic acid was measured at 214 nm (Waters 441 absorbance detector) or 210 nm (PerkinElmer LC-55 B detector). The amount of crotonic acid produced from PHB was calculated from the regression equation derived from known crotonic acid standards. I hope this answer help you to solve your problem Best regards. View 3 Recommendations Hossein Poorhemati asked a question related to Bioplastics Which strain (and particularly which cyanobacter) is better than others in bioplastic production. Question 1 answer Jul 17, 2016 i want to produce microbial bioplastic and i am looking for the best species.Relevant answer Prasun Kumar Jul 18, 2016 Answer Dear H. Poorhemati, It depends on which substrates you want to use for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. The best PHA producing bacteria are: Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and genetically engineered E. coli.
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